Lumbar Disc Herniation

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What is it and what symptoms does it cause?

Lumbar disc herniation occurs when the inner material of an intervertebral disc protrudes and compresses a nerve root. This usually causes lower back pain that radiates down the leg (sciatica), often accompanied by tingling, numbness, or muscle weakness. In more advanced cases, it may affect mobility or make everyday activities such as walking or sitting difficult. The intensity of symptoms varies depending on the degree of nerve compression.

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How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history and neurological examination, assessing strength, reflexes, and sensation. The most useful test is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allows visualization of the disc and nerve compression. In some cases, it may be complemented with a CT scan or neurophysiological studies if there is diagnostic uncertainty.

How is it treated?

Initial treatment is usually conservative, including pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory medication, along with physiotherapy aimed at improving mobility and reducing pain. In some patients, nerve root or epidural injections are performed to relieve inflammation. If pain persists or there is neurological deficit, surgery is indicated—typically a microdiscectomy, which involves removing the part of the disc compressing the nerve using minimally invasive techniques.